Hi, This sheet explains basics of Input and Output in AVR Micro controllers. Input and Output is the most basic unit of almost all kind of systems. Each and every thing in this universe, any electronics system, any software program, even Humans, animals and non living natural entities has some kind of input output mechanism.

Here we talk of input output in terms of Interactivity,because after all we design every electronics systems to follow our instructions and make our life simpler in some way. For that it should have some means of taking input from us or from surroundings and should produce some output, Now that was the most simplest way to explain digital, analog I/O. Usually as a designer you need to worry about the internal details of various registers and other small things in order to create an abstraction for someone who is not trained or able to handle this complex stuff.

So we design abstractions for them ! Engineering is all about designing abstraction layers, isn’t it?

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